I did
mention Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in a recent post as a therapy for Self-Injurious
Behavior (SIB) in autism and since there has been a review paper published very
recently, it is the topic of today’s post.
There was a previous post on this subject:-
By coincidence, Mr Electric, Elon Musk, has just revealed that he has Asperger's Syndrome. I don't think he will be fitting ECT to his Tesla vehicles anytime soon. ECT is likely only going to be used by those at the other extreme end of the autism spectrum, the ones who do not know was money is, let alone cryptocurrencies.
There are
many possible ways to treat someone who self-injures or indeed is aggressive
towards others. From a psychiatric unit you might get various psychiatric drugs
(antipsychotics etc), protective and restraining devices and in some cases Electroconvulsive
Therapy (ECT).
Some
literature on ECT suggests that it is effective in almost all cases of SIB.
This blog is
mainly about novel personalized medicine and in the case of SIB there are
multiple choices, which may, or may not be effective in any one case. In my
son’s case the SIB was driven by an ion channel dysfunction which is fully
treatable with a cheap little yellow pill, Verapamil.
Electroconvulsive
Therapy (ECT)
ECT is a psychiatric treatment
where seizures in the brain are electrically induced in patients
to provide relief from mental disorders.
There are no muscular convulsions.
ECT involves multiple administrations, typically given two or three
times per week until the patient is no longer suffering symptoms. ECT is
administered under anesthesia with a muscle relaxant.
ECT is often used with informed consent as an
intervention for major depressive disorder, mania, and catatonia.
Unfortunately,
in autism, maintenance ECT therapy is required.
It is a treatment, not a cure.
The
study below refers to catatonia, which you may not be familiar with.
Catatonia is a group of symptoms that usually involve a
lack of movement and communication, and also can include agitation, confusion,
and restlessness. Until recently, it was thought of as a type of schizophrenia.
Source:
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-catatonic-schizophrenia-2794979
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) for Autism Spectrum
Disorder Associated with Catatonia and Self-Injury: A Clinical Review
Objectives
We reviewed published clinical reports that
evaluated treatment effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with children,
adolescents, and adults who had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), catatonia, and
self-injury.
Methods
Published reports were identified from an internet
search and summarized according to seven review criteria: (a) participant
description, (b) clinical presentation, (c) previous treatments, (d) course of
ECT, (e) treatment outcome, (f) side effects, and (g) evaluation methodology.
Results
ECT was
associated with clinical improvement in all participants. Most notable benefits
included decreased self-injury, acquisition or recovery of functional life skills,
elimination of catatonic symptoms, and return to baseline functioning. Maintenance
ECT was typically required to sustain improved clinical status in the months
and years following acute ECT.
Conclusions
There appears to be sufficient evidence that supports
therapeutic benefits from ECT in persons with ASD, catatonia, and self-injury.
However, measurement methods and evaluation design vary greatly among reports,
there may be a publication bias towards cases with positive findings, and more
rigorous clinical research is necessary particularly concerning optimization of
maintenance ECT to maximize benefit and monitor for any adverse response.
The reports and summarized
results are presented in Table 1. Among the participants (N=14), 28.5% were
female and 71.4% were male ranging in age from 8 to 33 years old. From this
sample, 35.7% were children, 28.5% were adolescents, and 35.7% were adults.
Beyond the primary diagnoses of ASD and catatonia, the participants had
comorbid conditions of intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Tourette’s disorder,
Addison’s disease, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The clinical
presentation of participants at the time of referral for ECT was uniformly
debilitating. Many participants refused to feed themselves, were significantly
underweight and malnourished, and required nasogastric or gastrostomy tube
feeling. Their general level of adaptive functioning was typically compromised,
described as “needing assistance with feeding, getting dressed, brushing his
teeth, and combing his hair”, displaying “significant mood instability
characterized by irritability, tantrumming, alternating laughing and crying
episodes as well as intermittent insomnia and anorexia”, and exhibiting
“spontaneous episodes of punching, kicking, and biting, often requiring her to
be restrained by several adults”. Self-injury was severe and long-standing, for
example, a child, adolescent, and adult who had a “five year history of self-injury”
that “included slapping and punching his head as well as banging his head or
his knees and shoulders”, performed “hand-to-head, knee-to-head, and
hand-to-body self-injury”, and “struck knees against his head, hit his head
against a fixed surface or object, punched his face and head with hands,
pressed fingers against his eyes, and bit any part of his body”. The
seriousness of cases was reflected in participants who required inpatient
hospitalization and were no longer able to attend school, live at home, or
participate in the community. Use of protective equipment such as hard and soft
helmets, padded gloves, arm and body guards, and rigid arm restraints
restricting flexion at the elbow was uniform across reports.
Access to ECT in the
USA varies greatly among states based on the presence or absence of procedural
restrictions, practice regulations, administrative requirements, and
stipulations regarding consent. This variability from state-to-state impacts patient care and evaluation
of effectiveness of ECT when procedures and protocols are not uniform and
administered consistently.
Maintenance ECT in which the number of treatment sessions was
gradually decreased during the hospital stay preceding and then following
discharge was indicated in nearly all clinical reports. Haq and Ghaziuddin wrote that “withdrawal of maintenance-ECT in patients with autism
and catatonia often precipitates relapse of symptoms, perhaps more rapidly and
predictably than in the treatment of mood disorders”. They advised that
m-ECT be continued as long as clear evidence shows it benefits the patient.
Similarly, Wachtel, Hermida, and Dhossche proposed that ECT should be considered a “treatment rather than
a cure” and that patient relapse remains a concern even with m-ECT in
place. Indeed, many of the
reports we reviewed found that participants relapsed quickly when ECT was
discontinued or treatment frequency reduced, requiring a readjusted
m-ECT schedule and/or concomitant pharmacotherapy to confer therapeutic benefit,
While our review demonstrates that there are presently no precise parameters
and guidelines for administering m-ECT to persons with ASD, the demonstration
that ECT regimens must be tailored to unique patient circumstances is in line
with m-ECT paradigms among neurotypical individuals.
Conclusion
Self-injury and aggression in autism can become
overwhelming and, one way or another, have to be treated. Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ECT) clearly is one option that may be available, depending on where you live.
If you stop the maintenance therapy, the behaviors will return. Ideally you live near the hospital.
In terms of what it is actually doing, I think we can
compare it to an old computer whose screen keeps freezing, you just restart it
and hope for the best. Then you know it is
time to look around for a new computer, before you lose whatever is on the hard
drive. ECT is like a system reset,
without knowing what the underlying problem is.
In the absence of an effective alternative, why not
ECT?
Is there a pharmacological "reset button" for at least some aspects of some autism? A short course of steroids does something along these lines; you can even have a single dose, as in therapy for an asthma attack/exacerbation. Suramin is not really a monthly "reset", because the drug has a very long half-life and so it is there all month long, just at a slowly reducing level.
