Repurposing what already exists – cheap, safe, effective and sometimes colourful
Today’s post is nice and simple.
Yet another sub-type of autism is shown in a clinical trial to respond to the cheap drug bumetanide, this time it is children diagnosed with TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex); TSC is a leading genetic cause of autism often used in research.
In France researchers repurposed Folinoral, a lower dose equivalent of Dr Frye’s, and our reader Roger’s, Leucovorin to treat autism with a positive result. Folinoral is Calcium Folinate, but the dose was just 5mg twice a day, much less than the dose used in the US research.
The potential off-label uses for Verapamil, the old calcium channel blocker helpful in some autism, continue to grow.
Original purpose:
Lower blood pressure by blocking L-type calcium channels
Alternative uses:
· Treating bipolar disorder
· Treating cluster headaches and some migraine
· Halting the loss of insulin production in people with diabetes
· Treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D)
· Treating aggression/anxiety in some autism
We can now add, as our reader Lisa discovered by chance,
· Treating chronic sinusitis
Patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis show improvement with Verapamil treatment
"Recently, we became aware that some of the inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps is generated by the nasal lining itself, when a particular protein pump (P-glycoprotein) is overexpressed and leads to the hyper-secretion of inflammatory cytokines," said senior author Benjamin S. Bleier, M.D., a sinus surgeon at Mass. Eye and Ear and an assistant professor of otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School. "Verapamil is a first-generation inhibitor that is well-established in blocking P-glycoprotein. In some patients with CRS with nasal polyps, we saw dramatic improvement in their symptom scores."
Roche ditching experimental autism drugs
Basmisanil which targets the alpha 5 sub-unit of GABAA receptors was originally being developed to improve cognition in Down Syndrome; those clinical trials failed. Now Roche have pulled the plug on the trials to improve cognition in Schizophrenia.
Balovaptan was Roche’s expensive bet on Vasopressin to treat autism, covered in earlier posts; it blocks the activity of the V1a vasopressin receptor. The Balovaptan phase 3 clinical trials have also been cancelled.
Stanford still pursuing Vasopressin for autism
Stanford’s bet on Vasopressin for autism is still ongoing. They had the much simpler idea of just putting some pharmaceutical-grade vasopressin in a nasal spray and trialling that.
Intranasal delivery of drugs to target the brain appeals to me, as do eye drops. Your eyes are part of the central nervous system, in the case of your nose it appears that drugs are transported directly to the brain from the nasal cavity along the olfactory and trigeminal nerves.
Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain
One feature of this blog is a belief that central hormonal dysfunction is a core feature of much autism. The big problem is that you cannot easily measure hormone levels in the central nervous system (CNS) and you may get quite contradictory results measuring hormone levels in blood samples.
Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin do not predict neuropeptide concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid.
I was encouraged to see that the Stanford vasopressin researchers measured vasopressin in samples from spinal fluid. They found that children who went on to be diagnosed with autism has very low levels of vasopressin in their brains early in life. Making it a potential biomarker.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain disorder characterized by social impairments. ASD is currently diagnosed on the basis of behavioral criteria because no robust biomarkers have been identified. However, we recently found that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the “social” neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) is significantly lower in pediatric ASD cases vs. controls. As an initial step in establishing the direction of causation for this association, we capitalized upon a rare biomaterials collection of newborn CSF samples to conduct a quasi-prospective test of whether this association held before the developmental period when ASD first manifests. CSF samples had been collected in the course of medical care of 0- to 3-mo-old febrile infants (n = 913) and subsequently archived at −70 °C. We identified a subset of CSF samples from individuals later diagnosed with ASD, matched them 1:2 with appropriate controls (n = 33 total), and quantified their AVP and oxytocin (OXT) concentrations. Neonatal CSF AVP concentrations were significantly lower among ASD cases than controls and individually predicted case status, with highest precision when cases with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were removed from the analysis. The associations were specific to AVP, as ASD cases and controls did not differ in neonatal CSF concentrations of the structurally related neuropeptide, OXT. These preliminary findings suggest that a neurochemical marker of ASD may be present very early in life, and if replicated in a larger, prospective study, this approach could transform how ASD is detected, both in behaviorally symptomatic children, and in infants at risk for developing it.
Easy to read version: -
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of a hormone called vasopressin were lower in babies who went on to develop autism than in those who did not, a study found.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Vasopressin and Symptom Severity in Children with Autism
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration differs between children with and without autism (AUT), predicts AUT diagnosis, and predicts symptom severity. (A) CSF AVP concentration is lower in children with AUT (n = 36) compared to control children (n = 36), whereas (B) CSF oxytocin (OXT) concentration does not differ between groups.
(C) The effect of CSF AVP concentration on predicted (line) and observed (symbols) group is plotted, corrected for the other variables in the analysis. Children with AUT plotted above, and control children plotted beneath, the dashed line (which represents 50% probability) are correctly classified. Specifically, across the range of observed CSF AVP concentrations, the likelihood of AUT increased over 1,000-fold, corresponding to nearly a 500-fold increase in risk with each 10-fold decrease in CSF AVP concentration (range odds ratio = 1,080, unit odds ratio = 494, β1 ± SE = −6.202 ± 1.898). (D) CSF AVP concentration predicts Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)–Calibrated Severity Score (CSS) in male but not in female children with AUT.
I think many hormones are likely disturbed in autism and that modifying them is one potential method of treating autism.
At Stanford they have already had success by squirting vasopressin up kids’ noses:-
In a Stanford study of 30 children with autism, intranasal vasopressin improved social skills more than a placebo, suggesting that the hormone may treat core features of the disorder.
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF INTRANASAL VASOPRESSIN TREATMENT FOR SOCIAL DEFICITS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Stanford University, Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Despite ASD’s prevalence, there are currently no medications that effectively treat its core features. Accumulating preclinical research suggests that arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide involved in mammalian social functioning, may be a possible treatment for ASD. Objective: The goal of this investigation is to examine the safety and efficacy of AVP in the treatment of social deficits in children with ASD. Material and Methods: Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel design, we tested the efficacy and tolerability of 4-week intranasal AVP treatment in a sample of N=30 children with ASD aged 6-12 years. Results: AVP compared to Placebo treatment significantly enhanced social abilities in children with ASD as measured by change from baseline in the trial’s primary outcome measure, the Social Responsiveness Scale (a parent-report measure). AVP-related social improvements were likewise evident on clinician impression and child performance-based measures. AVP treatment also diminished anxiety symptoms and some restricted/repetitive behaviors. An endogenous blood AVP concentration by treatment group interaction was also observed, such that participants with the highest pre-treatment blood AVP concentrations benefitted the most from AVP (but not Placebo) treatment. AVP was well tolerated with minimal side-effects. No AVP-treated participant dropped out of the trial, and there were no differences in adverse event rates reported between the AVP and Placebo groups. Finally, no significant changes from baseline were observed in electrocardiogram, vital signs, height and weight, or clinical chemistry measurements after 4-week AVP treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest that intranasally administered AVP is a well-tolerated and promising medication for the treatment of social impairments in children with ASD.
Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial design, we found that the 4-week intranasal AVP treatment enhanced social abilities in children with ASD as assessed by the trial’s primary outcome measure, the SRS-2 T score. The robustness of this parent-reported social improvement score was corroborated by convergent evidence from clinician evaluation of the social communication abilities of trial participants and by performance of trial participants on laboratory tests of social cognition. These preliminary findings suggest that intranasally administered AVP may be a promising medication for treatment of core social impairments in children with ASD.
We also sought to investigate whether pretreatment neuropeptide concentrations in blood could predict AVP treatment response. We found that participants with the highest pretreatment AVP concentrations in blood benefitted the most from intranasal AVP treatment. This finding may seem counterintuitive, particularly in light of our recent studies showing that low AVP concentrations in CSF could be used to differentiate ASD cases from non-ASD control individuals (13, 14). One might therefore expect that it would be those children with the lowest endogenous AVP concentrations that stood to benefit the most from intranasal AVP treatment. However, being mindful of safety in this pediatric population, our pilot study used a conservative dose escalation regimen in which children were treated with fairly low doses of AVP throughout much of the trial. Assuming that blood AVP concentrations are related, in some manner, to brain AVP activity—a notion about which there is debate (14, 22–25)—it is possible that participants with lower endogenous AVP concentrations at the trial’s outset were “underdosed” in terms of drug amount or duration of treatment and, therefore, would not benefit as fully from AVP administration as those with higher endogenous AVP concentrations. This interpretation is consistent with our finding that AVP treatment enhanced simple social perceptual abilities independent of pretreatment AVP concentrations in blood, whereas it was only those AVP-treated individuals with higher pretreatment blood AVP concentrations who showed gains in complex social behaviors and a reduction in repetitive behaviors.
Pharmacological intervention
Commercially available injectable sterile AVP was used in this study. It was initially purchased from JHP Pharmaceuticals (Rochester, MI), which was subsequently acquired by Par Sterile Products (Chestnut Ridge, NY) in 2014. The placebo solution was prepared by Koshland Pharm (San Francisco, CA) and consisted of ingredients used in the active solution except for the AVP compound. A pharmacist transferred 25 ml of AVP (20 International Units (IU)/ml) or placebo solutions into standard sterile amber glass bottles with metered (0.1 ml per puff) nasal spray applicators to ensure that the AVP and placebo applicators were visually indistinguishable to the research team. These applicators were coded and given to the Stanford Health Care’s Investigational Drug Service for refrigerated storage (2°C to 8°C) and subsequent dispensing. After the first AVP dose (see below), the dose-escalation regimen at home for all participants involved administration of 4 IU twice daily (or BID) of AVP during week 1 and 8 IU BID of AVP during week 2. Participants aged 6 to 9.5 years then received 12 IU BID of AVP during weeks 3 and 4, whereas participants aged 9.6 to 12.9 years received 16 IU BID of AVP during weeks 3 and 4. A range of possible AVP doses was identified by review of the published literature; the final study doses were then determined in close consultation with the FDA.
A few years ago I did write about the hormone TRH as a potential means of improving autism. TRH can also be squirted up your nose, although I favoured an oral TRH super-agonist called Taltirelin/Ceredist.
I also suggested that DHED, an orally active, centrally selective prodrug of estradiol, could well be a therapeutic in autism. DHED should give all the benefits of the female hormone estradiol, without any side-effects outside the CNS. Many of the benefits are via ROR alpha.
Without having samples of spinal fluid, identifying, let alone treating, central hormonal dysfunction is rather a matter of guesswork.
Hormones are very much interrelated and perform different functions in different parts of the body, so it would be easy to get unwanted effects, as with estradiol, if taken orally.
Bumetanide for TSC (Tuberous Sclerosis Complex)
A small trial in children with TSC (Tuberous sclerosis complex) has shown that bumetanide improved their features of autism (social behavior, irritability and hyperactivity) but did not reduce seizures.
Conclusion
This pilot study indicates the potential efficacy of bumetanide on behavioral problems in young patients with TSC. Bumetanide improved irritable, explosive, and social behavior in the majority of patients in this sample and treatment was well tolerated.
Folinic Acid for Autism, but at a lower dose than Dr Frye
I did recently complete my trial of generic Calcium Folinate at something like Dr Frye’s Leucovorin dose.
I found that it did indeed have a positive effect on the use of expressive language. It prompted the use of more complex sentences.
The downside was that it did also cause aggressive/violent outbursts, so I put it in my “rejected” pile of therapies.
I was interested to see that in France a trial has been carried out using a lower dose than that proposed by Dr Frye. Is it possible to get benefits without the side effects?
Folinic acid improves the score of Autism in the EFFET placebo-controlled randomized trial
Highlights
Folinic acid treatment is well tolerated in children with Autism spectrum disorders.
Folinic acid treatment shows improvement in Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule score.
Effect of 10 mg/d folinic acid should be confirmed by a larger a multi-center trial.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are influenced by interacting maternal and environmental risk factors. High-dose folinic acid has shown improvement in verbal communication in ASD children. The EFFET randomized placebo-controlled trial (NCT02551380) aimed to evaluate the efficacy of folinic acid (FOLINORAL®) at a lower dose of 5 mg twice daily.
Nineteen children were included in the EFFET trial. The primary efficacy outcome was improvement of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) score. The secondary outcomes were the improvement in ADOS sub scores communication, social interactions, Social Responsiveness Score (SRS) and treatment safety.
The global ADOS score and social interaction and communication sub scores were significantly improved at week 12 compared to baseline in the folinic acid group (P = 0.003, P = 0.004 and P = 0.022, respectively), but not in the placebo group (P = 0.574, P = 0.780, P = 0.269, respectively). We observed a greater change of ADOS global score (−2.78 vs. −0.4 points) and (−1.78 vs. 0.20 points) in the folinic acid group, compared to the placebo group. No serious adverse events were observed.
This pilot study showed significant efficacy of folinic acid with an oral formulation that is readily available. It opens a perspective of therapeutic intervention with folinic acid but needs to be confirmed by a multi-center trial on a larger number of children.
Covid-19
There was concern that people with severe autism might be at increased risk during the current pandemic and indeed the death rate among people with intellectual disability/learning disability/mental retardation did double from 240 a month to 480 a month in the UK. The real scandal though was deaths in care homes for the elderly, in countries with advanced healthcare systems, where tens of thousands of extra deaths have occurred.
In “advanced” healthcare systems like the UK, early in the epidemic, elderly people caught Covid-19 in hospital and when they returned to their care home, they infected others. Care workers who are allowed/forced to work in multiple care homes then caught the virus in one home and transmitted it to the others. Nobody was tested until care homes had already become breeding grounds for the virus.
In Hong Kong they report zero covid-19 deaths in care homes. Elderly people could not return to their care home from hospital without testing negative for the virus, and procedures were in place to release elderly patients from hospital first to repurposed hotels, where they stayed until negative for the virus. Due to their grim experience with the 2003 SARS epidemic, Hong Kong already had very strict measures in place to limit infections and they even had regular rehearsals in care homes of the procedures to implement in future pandemics.
Where we live there was an outbreak in a care home and the authorities’ reaction was to arrest the boss of the care home. I suppose that is one way to get other care homes to take matters seriously. We even had soldiers posted outside care homes to stop people entering. In New York, Cuomo’s threat to care homes was that you might eventually lose your license to operate if you flout the rules. If most care homes are flouting the rules, they cannot all lose their licenses.
Some rich Western countries apparently implemented their much-vaunted flu pandemic procedures. It looks like they have much to learn from other places, from Hong Kong to Greece, who did very much better. Greece implemented a draconian lock down, very early, and has had a tiny number of cases and just 166 deaths. When Greece re-opens in July to tourists from high risk countries (UK, France, Italy, Spain etc) we will see what happens.
I do wonder why so many people are living in care homes. In Sweden, I saw on TV, one lady complaining that her fit and healthy father, capable of walking a few miles/km had caught covid-19 in his care home, was refused transfer to hospital and later died. Why was he sent to live a care home in the first place?
Milan has an old care home called Pio Albergio Trivulzia ("Baggina"), it had over a thousand residents and media reports 200+ covid deaths.
Milan has an old care home called Pio Albergio Trivulzia ("Baggina"), it had over a thousand residents and media reports 200+ covid deaths.
There are horrific cases in the UK of young adults being sent to live in small mental hospitals by their parents; they subsequently deteriorate and some have even died. Why did the parents hand their children over in the first place? They thought they could not cope at home, but clearly some dedicated institutions have even less capacity to care.
Conclusion
Re-purposing existing cheap drugs to treat a different medical condition makes a lot of sense, but it is not going to make the inventor or the drug firm much money. It is not popular with drug producers.
Developing new drugs to treat any neurological condition looks great in the early stages of research and then they all seem to fade way, wasting many tens of millions of dollars. Don’t raise your hopes.
Is intranasal vasopressin the smartest hormone to choose to modify? It is possible today, using existing products and appears to be safe, which are the most important issues. I think there is more potential beyond this single hormone.
Treat autism and intellectual disability/mental retardation medically, so those people can live more normally, be more fulfilled and do not later need such expensive care home provision. It is a win-win strategy.