Immunotherapy from the desert

 

Today’s post revisits the idea of using immunotherapies to treat autism.

Some readers of this blog are already doing this and a significant percentage of those are using IVIG.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pooled antibody, and a biological agent used to manage various immunodeficiency states and a plethora of other conditions, including autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory states.

IVIG is not a precision therapy, it is more a case of when all else fails try IVIG.

In the United States it seems that many insurance companies will cover the cost of long-term IVIG therapy. In other countries the cost greatly limits the use of this therapy.

An interesting observation is that IVIG products can vary significantly in their potency, depending on where they are made. Several readers of this blog have noted this.

I attended the Autism Challenges and Solutions conference recently in Abu Dhabi. I did have a chat with Laila Alayadhi, a researcher and clinician from Saudi Arabia who has been publishing papers about autoimmunity in ASD for decades. She also published a series of studies that examined the potential of camel milk as a therapy. She examined both changes in biological markers of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as measures of autism severity.

Her most recent study is here:-

 

Comparative Study on the Ameliorating Effects of Camel Milkas a Dairy Product on Inflammatory Response in Autism Spectrum Disorders

The link between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a neurodevelopmental disorder exhibiting impaired social interaction, repetitive behavior, and poor communication skills, has provided a hot point of research that might help use nutritional intervention strategies for managing ASD symptoms. This study examined the possible therapeutic potency of raw and boiled camel milk in reducing neuroinflammation in relation to behavioral characteristics. A blinded study was conducted on 64 children with autism (aged 2–12 years). Group I (n = 23) consisted of children who received raw camel milk; Group II (n = 27) comprised children who received boiled camel milk; and Group III (n = 14) comprised children who received cow milk as a placebo. Changes in plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as pro-inflammatory cytokine in relation to behavioral characteristics evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms before and after 2 weeks of raw and boiled camel milk therapy. Significantly lower plasma levels of TNF-α were recorded after 2 weeks of camel milk consumption, accompanied by insignificant changes in CARS and significant improvements in SRS and GI symptoms. Alternatively, Group III demonstrated an insignificant TNF-α increase without changes in CARS, SRS, and GI symptoms. This study demonstrated the positive effects of both raw and boiled camel milk in reducing neuroinflammation in patients with ASD. The improvements in the SRS scores and GI symptoms are encouraging. Further trials exploring the potential benefits of camel milk consumption in patients with ASD are highly recommended.

 

 

Apparently camel milk tastes just fine, although Dr Alayadhi told us she had never tried it prior to her research. She has shown than both pasteurized and raw milk are equally effective. I did ask her about other types of milk like goat’s milk and she said they had tried other milks and that only camel milk has shown the immunomodulatory effect.  When asked how much you need to drink, the answer was three glasses a day.

The Dentist

I did chat to another Saudi professor, a pediatric dentist, who gave a presentation about treating children with ASD.  Having had some pretty bad experiences with getting dental treatment and then overcoming them, I did feel I had something in common with Ebtissam Murshid.  I did catch up with her later and shared details of the D-Termined program created by US dentist David Tesini. It is a video training program for dentists how to treat kids with autism. I have written about it previously in this blog. Tesini very much tries to make the visit to the dentist fun, with lots of distractions in his treatment room. Murshid purposefully has blank white walls, believing that autistic kids get upset by bright colors and patterns. Hopefully she watches Tesini’s videos.

Murshid has published a book to help parents prepare their children for their trip to the dentist and, like Tesini, had made a small trial to show that her method is effective.

Some dentists are naturally good at treating the most difficult kids, but most are not.  It is impossible to predict.

A really good dentist needs neither restraint, like a papoose board, or sedation. If general anesthetic is needed, then something is not being done right. Kids with severe autism can be treated with local anesthetic just like other kids, they just need to go through a familiarization training like Tesini/Murshid use.

 

Back to immunotherapy

I did have many conversations with Carmello Rizzo who is an Italian doctor interested in both diet and autoimmunity to treat autism. He is a feature at many autism conferences and is a great speaker. He was telling me about Enzyme Potentiated Desensitization (EPD), an overlooked way to treat allergy care.

EPD was invented in the 1960s by a British immunologist Dr Len McEwen, at St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington. EPD is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of hay fever, food allergy and intolerance and environmental allergies.

It is an unlicensed product (i.e. not a drug), it is available only on a “named patient” basis.

EPD is not the same as allergy shots.

Allergy shots, also known as allergy immunotherapy, are injections used to treat allergies over a long period of time. They work by gradually desensitizing your body to the allergens that trigger your allergy symptoms.

Allergy shots typically involve two phases, buildup and maintenance.

It is an escalating dose immunotherapy, when you gradually increase the exposure level of the identified allergen.

The buildup phase lasts for 3 to 6 months. You receive shots 1 to 3 times a week. The doctor will gradually increase the amount of allergen in each shot to help your body build tolerance.

In the maintenance phase you need shots less frequently, usually about once a month. This phase can continue for 3 to 5 years or even longer depending on your progress.

I was never interested in allergy shots because there are so many injections needed.

I found EPD of interest because you take just two shots a year and the effect may potentially control the allergy after 2 or 3 years.

EPD is not expensive and I suppose that is why nobody wanted to invested the tens of millions of dollars to get approval by the FDA. It remains approved for use in the UK, which is ultra conservative when it comes to medicines.

Carmello Rizzo is offering EPD in Italy and elsewhere.

 

Gene therapy for autism?

I did go to a presentation with an interesting title:

Developing effective therapeutics for Autism Spectrum Disorder

It was not really what I was expecting. It was a young MIT researcher talking about the potential to develop gene therapies to replace mutated genes with a new ones. They are doing this in a model of autism caused by a mutated copy of the SHANK3 gene.

I called him Dr Viral Vector and did have a chat with him. The most interesting thing about his technology is that not only can he target a specific type of cell, but he can target a specific part of the brain, or indeed any part of the body.

At the moment they inject a virus carrying the new gene directly into the brain. That is not going to go down so well with human subjects. The next stage is to try injecting the virus into a vein.

I did talk about the two gene therapies for Rett syndrome now in human trials in my presentation. The ultimate problem is the likely $3 million cost. 

You can use gene therapy as an immunotherapy. 

 

Artemis

At the conference I was asked about a gene called DCLRE1C, it encodes the DCLRE1C protein, also known as Artemis.

 

Artémis (Diane), the huntress. Roman copy of a Greek statue, 2nd century. Galleria dei Candelabri

Source: By Jean-Pol GRANDMONT - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18604889

 

The Artemis protein is named after the Greek goddess Artemis, who was associated with the hunt, wilderness, wild animals, childbirth, and protection. This connection likely comes from the crucial role Artemis plays in DNA repair, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genetic material, like a protector safeguarding the building blocks of life.

Complete loss of function in DCLRE1C typically causes severe combined immunodeficiency. This is called Artemis-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ART-SCID).

Fortunately many possible mutations only partially impair the function of the DCLRE1C gene. They can lead to a spectrum of conditions, including atypical SCID, Omenn syndrome, Hyper IgM syndrome, and even just antibody deficiency. These conditions may have milder symptoms compared to classic SCID.

IVIG is a beneficial therapy for immunodeficiency; but is very expensive and not curative.

Humans all have 2 copies of the DCLRE1C and it is theoretically possible to increase expression of the good copy. But that is another story.

 

A gene therapy already exists for full-on ART-SCID.

Lentiviral Gene Therapy for Artemis-Deficient SCID

Why not use it in less severe cases?

The problem is going to be money, both for a lifetime on IVIG or a “hopefully” one-off gene therapy.

One lady in the audience of my talk had herself taken an expensive gene therapy and was not impressed.

  

Other interesting presentations

Pierre Drapeau from McGill University spoke about trying to repurpose a cheap old drug, called Pimozide, to treat motor neuron disease /ALS.  This was interesting because the process is similar to repurposing a drug for autism.

Pimozide is an old antipsychotic drug and it seems to work in ALS through its effect on a type of calcium channel called the T-type. Yes, just as in much autism, calcium channels are misbehaving.

The drawback of Pimozide is that it also blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which is good if you have Tourette’s, but if you have ALS you then get symptoms of Parkinson’s as a side effect.

The solution is to tinker with the molecule and find a version (an analog) that will do the business with the T channels without causing tremors.  It looks like, via trial and error, this is nearly solved.

The whole process has already been going on for many years, it will take many more.

Life expectancy with ALS is only 2-5 years and they struggle to find test subjects in Canada. It looks like they may do trials in China.

 

An eye opener

A presentation with a very hard to digest title was also an eye opener. You can take a picture of the cornea in your eye and accurately diagnose all kinds of disorders. They started with peripheral neuropathy in diabetics and most recently moved on to people with autism. Using artificial intelligence (AI) they can now make a diagnosis just based on the nerve loss they observe in the cornea. They also can potentially measure the effect of therapies by the regeneration of those nerve fibers.  This is really clever. When Rayaz Malik started down this path, all the neurologists thought he was mad. Many years later and corneal confocal microscopy is widely used around the world, but not yet for autism diagnosis.

Antonio Persico is a well known autism clinician, he appeared virtually. He was mainly talking about antipsychotics. I had expected rather more. 

 

Conclusion

Immunotherapy addresses one of the four problem areas in autism. There cannot be a one size fits all approach, but you can certainly try camel milk. Addressing food allergy and intolerance is relatively straightforward and you do not need any fancy expensive genetic testing, as Carmello Rizzo pointed out.

There are people for whom genetic testing and/or a spinal tap opens the door to a precise diagnosis and hopefully treatment. That proved to be an unexpected controversial issue in my presentation.

My talk at the conference was all about using personalized medicine to treat autism. The organizer of the event reads this blog and knows that I am rather an outsider, since I am more in treating autism than just researching it.

I had a two and a half hour time slot and I made sure to use it all. 

Advances in Personalized Medicine to Treat Autism

I should mention that I also had some long conversations with Paul Shattock, who pretty much founded the gluten and casein free diet years ago, back at the University of Sunderland. If you are interested in the history of autism, he is a great person to talk to. He is nearly 80 years old, but still has a sharp sense of humour. He has stumbled into more than his fair share of controversies. In Abu Dhabi his opinions and observations were widely shared by other speakers. One younger American speaker thought his views were dangerous; had he taken the time to talk to Paul, he would have found them pretty well thought out. I did ask Paul what has happened to his old friend Andew Wakefield – apparently making another film.

 

 

Dietary Autism Therapy? It clearly works for some

Diet can affect behaviour - but in some people much more so than others.

As the threshold for a diagnosis of autism, and indeed ADHD, is reduced more and more people may find a dietary solution.

Even people with a more severe neurological disorder may find dietary modification provides a benefit.

The big mistake is to think that all you can/need to do to treat disorders like autism is modify diet and pop a few vitamins and supplements.

In today’s post I grouped together causes, or contributors, to autism that fall in my “dietary” category.

• Food allergy
• Food intolerance
• Gluten related disorders
• Histamine intolerance
• Pesticides
• SIBO
• Propionic and Butyric acid (SCFAs)
• Probiotics and Fiber 
• Low Glycemic Diet
• Ketogenic Diet
• FMT/MTT
• Fragile Gut
• Pancreatic Insufficiency

I do not dwell too much on diet in this blog probably because I have one son who has always had a near perfect diet, has no GI issues, but has autism and yet my other son, with an arguably poor self-restricted diet, is healthy, again with no GI issues and is totally neurotypical. Yes, perhaps if the son with autism had the restricted diet, he would have fared worse – we will never know.

Many people with severe autism have restricted diets, somewhat reinforced by their parents wanting to keep the peace.  

People with autism are prone to auto-immune conditions and that will include food allergies (wheat, milk etc).  Restricted diets lead to a microbiome that is equally restricted. Eating large amounts of pro-inflammatory junk food (chicken nuggets, french fries, sugar (sucrose and fructose), refined carbohydrate, processed meat etc) is a poor choice for anyone, autistic or not.

Improving diet does hold potential for many with autism and/or ADHD.

You have to choose for yourself what is relevant and what is a distraction in your N=1 case.

                                                                  

Food intolerance vs Food Allergy

Food intolerance refers to difficulty in digesting certain foods. It is important to note that food intolerance is different from food allergy.
Food allergies trigger the immune system, while food intolerance does not. Some people suffer digestive problems after eating certain foods, even though their immune system has not reacted - there is no histamine response.

Foods most commonly associated with food intolerance include dairy products, grains that contain gluten, and foods that cause intestinal gas build-up, such as beans and cabbage.

Here are some key points about food intolerance.

·        Symptoms of food intolerance tend to take longer to appear than symptoms of allergies

• The symptoms are varied and can include, migraine, cough, and stomach ache
• Some food intolerance is caused by the lack of a particular enzyme

According to James Li, M.D., Ph.D., when it is an allergy, even small amounts result in symptoms, as may be the case with peanuts. Whereas, with food intolerance, tiny amounts will usually have no effect.

The symptoms of food intolerance generally take longer to emerge, compared to food allergies.

Onset typically occurs several hours after ingesting the offending food or compound and may persist for several hours or days. In some cases, symptoms may take 48 hours to arrive.

Some people are intolerant to several groups of foods, making it harder for doctors to determine whether it might be a chronic illness or food intolerance. Identifying which foods are the culprits can take a long time.

Enzyme deficiencies are a common cause of food intolerance.

People who are lactose intolerant do not have enough lactase, an enzyme that breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into smaller molecules that the body can break down further and absorb through the intestine. If lactose remains in the digestive tract, it can cause spasm, stomach ache, bloating, diarrhea, and gas.

People with an allergy to milk protein have similar symptoms to those with lactose intolerance; that is why lactose intolerant individuals are commonly misdiagnosed as allergic.

Histamine Intolerance

Many foods and drinks contain histamine.

Usually, the enzyme DAO, and to a lesser extent HNMT, breaks down ingested histamine, preventing it from being absorbed in the gut and entering the bloodstream.  Within the brain histamine acts as a neurotransmitter.

Some factors can interfere with how DAO and HMNT work, or how much of these enzymes are present in the gut.

The common food additive Sodium Benzoate (E211) is a DAO-inhibitor. It is widely used in carbonated drinks, jams, fruit juice, pickles and condiments.  Someone who is histamine intolerant will need to learn to avoid such foods.

Other common factors that interfere with DAO and HMNT levels include many prescription drugs, for example:

• airway medications, such as theophylline
• heart medications
• antibiotics
• antidepressants
• antipsychotics
• diuretics
• muscle relaxants
• pain medications
• gastrointestinal medicines
• nausea and gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD
• malaria drugs
• tuberculosis medications

  

Pesticides

I think it is hardly surprising that pesticides can affect a developing brain, just like the lead that used to be added to petrol/gasoline.

The key time to avoid pesticides and toxic chemical is during pregnancy and early childhood.

Once you have got autism with MR/ID, it is probably rather late to worry about a small risk from a tiny exposure to pesticides from supermarket fruit and vegetables.

Early exposure to pesticides linked to small increased risk of autism spectrum disorder

Exposure to common agricultural pesticides before birth and in the first year of life is associated with a small to moderately increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with infants of women without such exposure, finds a study published in The BMJ today.

The researchers say their findings support efforts to prevent exposure to pesticides during pregnancy to protect a child's developing brain.

Experimental studies have suggested that common pesticides can affect normal brain development, and environmental exposures during early brain development are suspected to increase risk for autism spectrum disorders in children.

But studies examining pesticide exposure in the real world and risk of ASD are rare.

So, researchers at the University of California used registry records to identify 2,961 patients with a diagnosis of ASD -- including 445 with ASD with accompanying intellectual disability -- and 35,370 healthy ("control") patients of the same birth year and sex.

Participants were born between 1998 and 2010 in California's Central Valley, a heavily agricultural region, and 80% of cases were male.

Data from the California state-mandated Pesticide Use Registry were then integrated into a geographic information system tool to assess prenatal (before birth) and infant exposures to 11 commonly used pesticides (measured as pounds of pesticides applied per acre/month within 2 km of their mother's residence during pregnancy and exposure during developmental periods defined as yes vs no).

These pesticides were selected because of their high use and evidence indicating toxic effects on brain development.

After adjusting for potentially influential factors, the researchers found modest increases in ASD risk among offspring exposed to several pesticides (including glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, permethrin, bifenthrin and methyl-bromide) before birth and during the first year of life, compared with controls.

Associations were strongest in those with ASD and intellectual disability, which represents the more severe end of the autism spectrum.

This is an observational study, and as such, can't establish cause, and the researchers point to some limitations, such as relying on patient records for details about diagnoses, and being unable to examine clinical outcomes.

Nevertheless, they say their study is by far the largest investigating pesticides and autism spectrum disorder to date and their findings back up earlier work in this field.

"Our findings suggest that ASD risk may increase with prenatal and infant exposure to several common ambient pesticides that impacted neurodevelopment in experimental studies," they write.

They call for further research to explore underlying mechanisms in the development of autism. However, from a public health and preventive medicine perspective, they say their findings "support the need to avoid prenatal and infant exposure to pesticides to protect the developing child's brain."

Gluten Free?

One long-known feature of autism is the loss of Purkinje cells, these cells are involved in motor skills and this probably contributes to clumsiness and poor handwriting in many people with autism. For good motor skills you need plenty of Purkinje cells, with plenty of myelin coating their axons.

An extreme cause of Purkinje cell loss in some people is a reaction to gluten, mainly in those with Celiac Disease (CD).  The process is not fully understood but results in antibodies selectively destroying Purkinje cells and leading to a condition called Cerebellar Ataxia.

People sensitive to gluten, but not having Celiac disease, may also experience some ataxia as well as a wide range of auto-immune disorders that can include psychiatric manifestations.

I think a small number of people with autism do have non celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).  Those people should feel better on a gluten free diet.  A small number of people with severe autism may have undiagnosed Celiac disease.

Gluten related disorders

Gluten-related disorders is the term for the diseases triggered by gluten, including celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy. The umbrella category has also been referred to as gluten intolerance. 

If you have one of the above conditions then avoid gluten.

If you do not have one of the above conditions, you are in the great majority and there is no point spending extra money to avoid gluten.

There is no reliable data, but an estimate is that 10-15% of people have some kind of gluten related disorder.

It is not surprising that a minority of people with autism respond to a gluten free diet, but the majority do not.  Your N=1 case of autism could fall in either camp.

 Source:- Dr Schär AG

Cerebellar Ataxia, Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity

Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is one of the most frequent neurological manifestations related to celiac disease (CD) (1), and may be the only and initial clinical manifestation of this disease (2) without any association with gastro-intestinal symptoms or malabsorption signs.

Gluten ataxia is purely cerebellar and involves the entire cerebellum (9). The clinical signs of CA are gait ataxia, limb ataxia, dysarthria, pyramidal signs, altered eyes motions, and progressive impairment of stability and erect position

The prolonged gluten consumption in patients with gluten ataxia leads to a progressive loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Patients with celiac disease and CA have a blood deficit of vitamin E

Non celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is defined by clinical evidence of improvement of symptoms, following the introduction of GFD in the absence of enteropathy (22). Autoantibodies, such as TG2, are absent in NCGS. The presence of Anti Gliadin Antibodies (AGA) and particularly IgG AGA may be an indicator of NCGS in more than 50% of patients that refer to the gastroenterologist (23). Hadjivassiliou et al. (15) reported on 114 patients with NCGS and gluten ataxia (GA), 68 of which had circulating TG6 antibodies.

An early diagnosis of CA and gluten related disorders (GRD) increases the possibility to improve the neurological process (8); the clinical improvement is usually seen 1 year after starting the GFD (9) and continues for a period of about 2 years.

Cerebellar Ataxia is equally responsive to GFD in CD and NCGS patients.

Extra-intestinal manifestations of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: An expanding paradigm

Non celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a syndrome characterized by a cohort of symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food in subjects who are not affected by celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy. The possibility of systemic manifestations in this condition has been suggested by some reports. In most cases they are characterized by vague symptoms such as ‘foggy mind’, headache, fatigue, joint and muscle pain, leg or arm numbness even if more specific complaints have been described. NCGS has an immune-related background. Indeed there is a strong evidence that a selective activation of innate immunity may be the trigger for NCGS inflammatory response. The most commonly autoimmune disorders associated to NCGS are Hashimoto thyroiditis, dermatitis herpetiformis, psoriasis and rheumatologic diseases. The predominance of Hashimoto thyroiditis represents an interesting finding, since it has been indirectly confirmed by an Italian study, showing that autoimmune thyroid disease is a risk factor for the evolution towards NCGS in a group of patients with minimal duodenal inflammation. On these bases, an autoimmune stigma in NCGS is strongly supported; it could be a characteristic feature that could help the diagnosis and be simultaneously managed. A possible neurological involvement has been underlined by NCGS association with gluten ataxia, gluten neuropathy and gluten encephalopathy. NCGS patients may show even psychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety and psychosis. Finally, a link with functional disorders (irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia) is a topic under discussion. In conclusion, the novelty of this matter has generated an expansion of literature data with the unavoidable consequence that some reports are often based on low levels of evidence. Therefore, only studies performed on large samples with the inclusion of control groups will be able to clearly establish whether the large information from the literature regarding extra-intestinal NCGS manifestations could be supported by evidence-based agreements.

SIBO

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a serious condition affecting the small intestine. It occurs when bacteria that normally grow in other parts of the gut start growing in the small intestine. That causes pain and diarrhea. It can also lead to malnutrition as the bacteria start to use up the body’s nutrients.

If you have severe autism and live in rural China the study below suggests you have a 50:50 chance of having SIBO. 

SIBO is measurable and treatable using mainstream medicine.

Don’t treat SIBO, if you do not have SIBO.

Hydrogen breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case- in autism.

 

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) by hydrogen breath test in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with respect to a consistent control group. From 2011 to 2013, 310 children with ASD and 1240 sex- and age-matched typical children were enrolled in this study to undergo glucose breath test. The study participants were considered to exhibit SIBO when an increase in H₂ of ≥20 ppm or CH₄ of ≥10 ppm with respect to the fasting value was observed up to 60 min after the ingestion of glucose. Ninety-six children with autism suffered from SIBO, giving a prevalence rate of SIBO was 31.0% (95% CI 25.8-36.1%). In contrast, 9.3% of the typical children acknowledged SIBO. The difference between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The median Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) score in the children with autism and with SIBO was significantly high when compared with the children without autism and without SIBO [98 (IQR, 45-120) vs. 63 (32-94), P < 0.001]. For the autism group, the 6-GI Severity Index (6-GSI) score was found to be strongly and significantly correlated with the total ATEC score (r = 0.639, P < 0.0001). SIBO was significantly associated with worse symptoms of autism, demonstrating that children with SIBO may significantly contribute to symptoms of autism.

Diarrhea was the most common SIBO symptom (71.0% of ASD patients), followed by abdominal pain (37.1%), and abnormal feces (30.0%). Children with autism and with SIBO were more likely from the rural area.

Furthermore, we found that SIBO was associated with worse symptoms of autism. However, it is difcult to establish whether the changes seen play a causative role or are merely a consequence of the disease. Interestingly, the effectiveness of oral, non-absorbable antibiotics in temporarily reducing symptoms of autism [28] suggests that the relationship may be causal, that is, we hypothesize that SIBO may significantly contribute to symptoms of autism in some children. Several possible mechanisms can be inferred. First, propionate has severe neurological effects in rats and Clostridia species are propionate producers. Studies by MacFabe et al. [29] have demonstrated that injecting propionate directly into specific regions of rat brains in vivo can cause significant behavioral problems. Second, differences in the microbiota may also result in altered microbial metabolism of aromatic amino acids, with consequent changes in systemic metabolites (as reflected in urinary metabolite profiles), which could lead to neurological symptoms [30]. Third, the microbiota could also be involved in the disease etiology via interactions with the immune system [31]. Some of the possible mechanisms outlined above are more likely to involve changes within the overall balance of the whole microbial community, while others may be exerted by specific bacteria. Fourth, SIBO leads to steatorrhea, vitamin B12 absorptive impairment and also injury to the small intestinal microvilli which itself causes malabsorption [32]. Zhang et al. [33] suggested that decrease in brain vitamin B12 status across the lifespan that may reflect an adaptation to increasing antioxidant demand, while accelerated deficits due to GSH deficiency may contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell walls, which can cause damage in various tissues including the brain [3]. LPS-induced inflammation in the brain increases permeability of the blood–brain barrier and facilitates an accumulation of high levels of mercury in the cerebrum, which may aggravate ASD symptoms.

 

SIBOTreatment Options

There are different levels and types of SIBO. These distinctions matter when determining the most appropriate treatment. Depending on the extent of your condition, treatment may vary. 

·         hydrogen-predominant SIBO: The primary treatment is the antibiotic rifaximin.

·         methane-predominant SIBO: This type of SIBO is harder to treat, and it may take longer to respond to treatment. Use rifaximin plus neomycin for these cases.

·         recurrent SIBO: formulations of antimicrobial herbs can be used to treat recurrences and as an alternative for initial treatment of hydrogen- or methane-predominant SIBO.

As part of treatment follow a FODMAP (low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) diet.

People taking acid reducing drugs for reflux/GERD/GORD might note that PPI-induced dysbiosis is considered a type of SIBO.  PPIs are proton pump inhibitors like Nexium that are now more popular than Histamine H2 blockers like Zantac/Ranitidine.

Interestingly apple cider vinegar (ACV) can counter  PPI-induced dysbiosis. Your small intestines need some acid. Your body relies on Sodium bicarbonate released by the pancreas to maintain pH levels, but it can only reduce acidity, not increase it. I imagine a swig of anything acidic would likely have a similar effect, although ACV has non acid-related effects.

If it is SIBO, get a genuine diagnosis, treat it and avoid it reoccurring

Propionic and Butyric Acids and SCFAs (Short Chained fatty Acids)

SCFAs are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the three most common SCFAs.

Avoid dysbiosis in your colon

You need fiber and butyrate-producing bacteria for a healthy colon.

Epithelial metabolism shapes the colonic microbiota.

Left: During gut homeostasis, obligate anaerobic bacteria convert fiber into fermentation products (butyrate) to maintain the epithelium in a metabolic state characterized by high oxygen consumption. This metabolic polarization of differentiated colonocytes (C2) maintains epithelial hypoxia (<1 oxygen="" span="" style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;" to="">limit the amount of oxygen (O

₂) diffusing into the gut lumen. Right: A metabolic reorientation of terminally differentiated colonocytes toward low oxygen consumption (C1) increases the concentration of respiratory electron acceptors (O₂ and NO₃^–) emanating from the epithelial surface, thereby causing a shift in the microbial community from obligate to facultative anaerobic bacteria. The color scale at the bottom indicates O₂ levels. SC, stem cell; TA, undifferentiated transit-amplifying cell; C2, terminally differentiated C2-skewed colonocyte; C1, terminally differentiated C1-skewed colonocyte; GC, goblet cell; NO, nitric oxide.

Source:- Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota

Propionic acid leads to PTEN↓ Inflammation↑ Gliosis↑ Mitochondrial dysfunction ↑

We saw in an earlier post that propionic acid is used to cause reversible autism in a mouse model. When propionic acid is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces reversible behaviors (e.g., hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration) and brain changes (e.g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion). In the mouse model, you just feed them some NAC and they switch back to regular happy mice.

We now know the details of what is happening to those mice.  To a lesser extent if you produce a lot of propionic acid in your human gut some may well make it to your brain and produce a similar effect.

High prevalence of self‐reported autism spectrum disorder in the Propionic Acidemia Registry

Propionic Acidemia (PA) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in propionyl‐CoA carboxylase (PCC). The disease is characterized by the systemic accumulation of propionic acid (PPA) and its toxic derivatives. Children with PA are at high risk of developing low muscle tone, cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, pancreatitis, and ultimately death.PA also has neurological manifestations that include a high risk of seizures and stroke, and a wide range of chronic psychological and cognitive sequelae, with intellectual disability and language impairments being the most frequently reported.

We know that in autism increasing PTEN is generally a good thing. Gliosis includes things like activating the brains immune cells (microglia) which we know is bad.

Propionic Acid Induces Gliosis andNeuro-inflammation through Modulation of PTEN/AKT Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder

PPA is believed to cause systematic mitochondrial dysfunction (MD), as evidenced by increased free acyl-carnitine (cofactor used to transport long-chain and very-long-chain fatty-acids into the mitochondria) in rats exposed to PPA16.

PPA promotes gliosis and Pro-Inflammatory cytokines release

PTEN was reported to regulate radial glia cell proliferation in the early stages of neural development through inhibition of Akt pro-survival pathway26. Recent studies reported that PTEN is downregulated in autistic glial cells26^,27, however, what triggers PTEN inhibition in ASD remains uncertain. In this study, data suggest that PPA binding to its receptor may lead to GPR41-induced PTEN inhibition, thereof allowing Akt survival pathway to proceed. As we demonstrated in Fig. 5, PPA seems to tamper with both PTEN and activated p-Akt levels. PTEN expression decreased with increased PPA concentration and vice versa for p-Akt. Noteworthy, PPA interfered with the amount of activated p-Akt but not Akt expression. This result further validates that PPA has no direct effect on Akt expression but rather downregulates PTEN expression. Consequently, this allows p-Akt to remain active which results in over-proliferation of glia-committed neural progenitor cells.

There are many studies on this subject and the one below is from December 2019.

The Probiotics and Fructo-Oligosaccharide Intervention Modulate Gut Microbiome, Short-Chain Fatty Acids and a Hyper-Serotonergic State in Children with ASD

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) prevalence is increasing, but its etiology remains elusive and its satisfactory effective treatment is not available. The microbiota-gut-brain axis can contribute to ASD pathology and may supply an effective and promising way for ameliorating the ASD symptoms. Herein, we explore the differences of the gut microbiota profiles, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and peripheral neurotransmitters between ASD children and typical development children, and whether the probiotics + fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) intervention alters the gut microbiota profiles, SCFAs and neurotransmitters in ASD children.

Methods: This study was divided into two stages. At the discovery stage, we compared the difference of the gut microbiota profiles (using 16S rRNA sequencing), faecal SCFAs (using GC-MS) and plasma neurotransmitters (using UHPLC-MS/MS) between 26 ASD children and 24 TD children. Then, all the 26 ASD children participated into the intervention stage, and we measured the gut microbiota profiles, SCFAs and neurotransmitters at before and after probiotics + FOS (n = 16) or placebo supplementation (n = 10) for ASD children.

Findings: Firstly, the gut microbiota were in a state of dysbiosis and significantly lower levels of Bifidobacteriales and Bifidobacterium longum in ASD subjects found at the discovery stage. Compared with TD children, the significantly lower levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, and a hyperserotonergic state (the increased 5-HT) and dopamine metabolism disorder (the decreased homovanillic acid) were observed in ASD children. Secondly, the increasing growth of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteriales and B. longum) and suppressing the growth of suspected pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium) emerged after the probiotics + FOS intervention, with significant improvements in the severity of autism (assessed by the ATEC), and gastrointestinal symptoms (assessed by the 6-GSI). With probiotics + FOS intervention, the above SCFAs in children with autism significantly elevated and approached to that of the typical development children. However, the levels of concentrations in fecal isobutyric acid and caproic acid after probiotics + FOS intervention were markedly higher than TD children, and the plasma zonulin downregulation as an intestinal permeability marker. Interestingly, our data demonstrated that the decreased 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, as well as the increased kynurenine and homovanillic acid emerged after probiotics + FOS intervention. Our analysis of Spearman's rank correlation showed that Clostridium were significantly positive associated with 5-HT. However, the above-mentioned changes did not show in the placebo group for ASD children.

Interpretation: Our data suggest that gut microbiome is closely correlated with SCFAs and some neurotransmitters. The probiotics + FOS intervention can modulate the gut microbiome, SCFAs and some neurotransmitters in association with improved ASD symptoms, including a hyper-serotonergic state and dopamine metabolism disorder.                                         

Medical Food (Probiotics) from one end and FMT from the other

There is some very clever research that will lead to medical food, containing specific bacteria, as a means of promoting specific chemical reactions in your gut, which then effect other parts of your body.

In earlier posts we saw how you could mimic the effect of the ketogenic diet in reducing seizures by using medical food.

The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet

We saw how one kind of childhood leukaemia can be prevented by taking a particular bacteria in medical food or yoghurt.

Missing microbes 'cause' childhood cancer

But Prof Greaves adds: "The most important implication is that most cases of childhood leukaemia are likely to be preventable." 

His vision is giving children a safe cocktail of bacteria - such as in a yoghurt drink - that will help train their immune system. 

Even some expensive drugs have been found to be effective only in the presence of specific gut bacteria.  So, alongside the drug give that bacteria?

Local bacteria affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs

Of 30 drugs examined in vitro, the efficacy of 10 was found to be significantly inhibited by certain bacteria, while the same bacteria improved the efficacy of six others

Conceivably, there is potential for direct interaction between systemically administered drugs at various body sites in the course of infection or in the case of orally administered drugs and microbiota of the small intestine.

In conclusion, our data bring attention to the fact that internal bacteria can interact with a drug therapy and could under certain circumstances influence treatment efficacy and/or side effects.

The microbiota comes from the mother and ideally involves natural delivery and mother’s milk.

Early use and overuse of antibiotics will disrupt the microbiota.

The body’s immune system is calibrated very early in life, if mis-calibrated it will over/under-react for the rest of your life.  Early exposure to bacteria is part of the calibration process, this is why having a pet indoors during pregnancy reduces the chance of a child having allergies. Also, good to be exposed to the other animals’ humans have evolved alongside (domesticated farmyard animals).

This takes us back to the idea of the Halogenone/Holobiont.

Secretome,Microbiome/Hologenome, Proteome, Epigenome, Exome and Genome

 This can be summed up as give your body the bugs it evolved to expect, or don’t be surprised when things start going wrong (aberrant immune responses etc).

FMT/MTT

Another way of colonizing your gut with beneficial bacteria is repopulate it with someone else’s, so called microbiota transfer therapy (MTT), better known as fecal microbiota therapy (FMT) or more simply a poop transplant (PT, I suppose).

Trials show that taking probiotics orally often has little impact on what is growing in your gut.  The effect is often short term and the new bacteria do not colonize their new host.

The idea of taking someone else’s feces/poo and inserting into a child with GI problems and autism may not sound very high tech, but in small trials it has shown to be beneficial.

Clearly there is potential to transfer things that might not be beneficial.

In the end I think someone will develop a synthesized lab-made product containing the many billions of “good” bacteria.  Ultimately this could be a personalized medical product, tailored to the individual needs of the patient.

Autism symptoms reduced nearly 50 percent two years after fecal transplant

In a new study, researchers demonstrate long-term beneficial effects for children diagnosed with ASD through a revolutionary fecal transplant technique known as microbiota transfer therapy (MTT).

"It is very unusual to see steady gradual improvement after the conclusion of any treatment," said Adams. "We only conducted the long-term follow-up study after several families told us that their child was continuing to improve significantly." Krajmalnik-Brown stated that the data suggests that the MTT intervention transformed the gut environment into a healthier status, leading to long-term benefit on both GI and ASD symptoms.

Does this only work in people with autism who have GI symptoms? I would suspect it does, but would like to see some evidence.

Low Glycemic Diet

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar that can cause headaches, weakness, and anxiety. Hyperglycemia refers to high levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can also mimic the symptoms of ADHD. Hypoglycemia in children may cause uncharacteristic aggression, hyperactivity, the inability to sit still, and the inability to concentrate. 

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) also negatively affects behavior.

Eating foods with a low Glycemic Index (GI) avoids spikes in blood sugar.  Your body responds to blood glucose spikes by producing more insulin.  This kind of diet is used by people with diabetes, but is actually good for everyone.

Anecdotal evidence from comments in this blog and elsewhere does give some support for this diet in humans.  We also now have some scientific research that also looks inside the brain.

Low glycemic index diet reduces symptoms of autism in mice

The number of people diagnosed with autism - a spectrum of disorders characterized by social avoidance, repetitive behaviors and difficulty communicating - has risen dramatically over the past two decades for reasons that are unclear. A diet recommended for diabetics ameliorated signs of autism in mice, researchers have found. Although preliminary and not yet tested in humans, the findings might offer clues to understanding one potential cause of autism.

Intriguingly, in the new study, the brains of mice modeling autism that were fed the high-glycemic index diet had drastically less doublecortin, a protein indicator of newly developing neurons, compared to predisposed mice on the low-glycemic index diet. The deficiency was especially obvious in a part of the brain that controls memory.

In addition, the brains of the high-glycemic index diet mice appeared to have greater numbers of activated microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Their brains also expressed more genes associated with inflammation, compared to the mice fed the low-glycemic index diet.

Other studies of human mothers and their children with autism have implicated the activation of the immune system. For the most part, these studies have focused on infection, which causes a bout of inflammation -- as opposed to a high-glycemic index diet, which causes chronic, low-level inflammation, Maher says.

The new study found that the diet might directly influence the ecosystem of bacteria in the gut. More complex starches are broken down by bacteria that live in the lower part of the gut, the large intestine. The group saw some evidence of that in the blood, detecting metabolites that could only have come from the gut in larger amounts in the animals fed the high-glycemic index diet.

'We were really surprised when we found molecules in the blood that others had reported could only be generated by gut bacteria,' Maher says. 'There were big differences in some of these compounds between the two diets.'

The Ketogenic Diet

I think the Ketogenic Diet (KD) is the cleverest diet because it will genuinely help a small number of people, but for entirely different reasons.

We saw that in people with seizures, the beneficial effect does not come from ketones, it comes from the high fat diet changing the microbiome and causing different bacteria to thrive. The researchers at UCLA then showed how this effect final reaches the brain where it affects GABA and Glutamate levels, and so prevents epileptic seizures.

In some people with a problem transporting glucose across the blood brain barrier (as in Alzheimer’s) or a problem with converting that glucose into ATP in mitochondria (someone with mitochondrial disease) the ketone BHB becomes an alternative fuel for cells.  These people would benefit from the ketones produced naturally in your body, when you follow the high fat Ketogenic Diet.  

Pancreatic Insufficiency

Pancreatic insufficiency is actually one of the few things I did actually test for a few years ago.

It has been suggested that some people with autism cannot digest proteins properly and that this results in a lack of amino acids that are needs to produce neurotransmitters and build other new proteins.

This might occur if the pancreas was not doing its job of producing the required digestive enzymes.  The medical term is pancreatic insufficiency.

Almost 10 years ago a special digestive cocktail called CM-AT was entering the “final stage of testing”.  It is still being tested.

The developer of CM-AT initially suggested that a biomarker existed for responders.  They wanted to use chymotrypsin as a measure of pancreatic function. This test is an old one and in children is best known for cystic fibrosis.

Many other conditions lead to pancreatic insufficiency. It can be caused by pancreatitis, other causes of insufficiency may include celiac disease, Crohn disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS). I guess any condition causing too much stomach acid would also lead to pancreatic insufficiency (that is what Zollinger-Ellison syndrome does). What about just “Fragile Gut”, which seems common in autism?

First evidence on Chymotrypsin:-

Chymotrypsin : Evidence of a Novel Pancreatic Insufficiency in Children with ASD?

Background:

Emerging research has suggested that some children with ASD appear to be at high risk for gastrointestinal concerns. It has also been noted that many children with ASD have diets that are highly self- selective, e.g., having a preference for carbohydrates. Although it remains unclear what the basis for GI disruption is, it may be the case that some children with ASD have insufficient levels of digestive enzymes needed to process some food types, e.g., protein. If a child has this deficiency, they cannot optimally digest a class of food (e.g., protein), their food avoidance may be related to unpleasant sequelae associated with its ingestion (e.g., under-digested meat feeling like “lead shot” in the stomach). The enzyme chymotrypsin digests protein into its component amino acids. Amino acids, especially essential amino acids, play a crucial role in the production of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and serotonin), are regulators of gene expression, and form the building blocks for new proteins.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were: 1) determine the prevalence of abnormal levels of the enzyme fecal chymotrypsin (FCT) in children with autism, and 2) to determine whether FCT levels are associated with severity of autistic symptomatology.

Methods:

Participants were 323 children between the ages of 3 and 8 years (261 boys; mean age: 5.8 yrs.) who met DSM-IV criteria for Autistic Disorder, as screened by the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and confirmed by Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and clinical interview. FCT levels were assessed using photometric assay of stool samples (performed by Quest Diagnostics); FCT levels ≤ 12.6 U/g are considered abnormally/pathologically low. Severity of autistic symptomatology was assessed using the total score of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the ADI-R subscale scores.

Results:

Of the 323 children, 198 (61.3%) had abnormally low/pathological levels of FCT activity (<12.6 U/g; mean FCT level=7.34), while 38.7% had normal levels (>12.6 U/g; mean FCT level=18.92). Comparison of FCT level and autism symptom level (i.e., ADI-R subscale scores, SCQ total score) in all participants revealed no statistically significant associations between FCT level and severity of autistic symptoms. This finding suggests that lower FCT levels in children with autism are not associated with more severe autistic symptomatology.

Conclusions:

The presence of low FCT levels in a large subset of children with autism suggests that chymotrypsin deficiency may be a key feature in some children with ASD. This enzymatic deficiency may place these at higher risk for a suboptimal supply of amino acids, which may in turn possibly undermine their ability to produce neurotransmitters, regulate gene expression, and synthesize new proteins. These findings may inspire further research into the role of the pancreas and amino acid deficiency in autism, and in a broader sense, into the physiology and biochemistry of a subset of children with autism. It also provides rationale for investigating chymotrypsin replacement therapy in children with autism who exhibit FCT deficiency.

Fragile Gut in Autism

Robust vs. Fragile Gut Function in Children with ASD. (A) Robust Gut: the healthy gut displays robust digestion of proteins and simple sugars by the small intestine brush border enzymes that make these nutrients absorbable. After digestion, very few intact nutrients remain and indigestible polysaccharides (fiber) remain. This fiber is consumed by saccharolytic bacteria, which line most of the large intestine, and produce beneficial byproducts (such as short chain fatty acids). Undigested proteins or amino acids are consumed by putrefactive bacteria, which are few in number, and produce potentially harmful putrefactive metabolites that are easily detoxified. The blood and lymphatics in the villi do not directly interact with the lumen of the small intestine, preventing the interaction of antigenic food molecules with the underlying immune tissue. (B) Fragile Gut: the fragile gut of children with autism displays reduced digestive capacity. The inflammation and deterioration of the gut lining may cause reduced expression and activity of brush border disaccharidases and peptidases and greater amounts of intact simple sugars and proteinaceous substrates and less fermentable fiber. This proteinaceous substrate is consumed by the more prevalent putrefactive bacteria producing greater amounts of putrefactive metabolites, such as ammonia, phenols, and sulfides. The blood and lymphatics in the villi are in contact with the lumen due to the excessive inflammation and the undigested proteins in the intestine are able to directly pass. This process allows for interaction of antigenic proteins with immune tissue leading to an aberrant immune response and subsequent autoantibody production

Source:   Dietary Considerations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Potential Role of Protein Digestion and Microbial Putrefaction in the Gut-Brain Axis

   

Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency

Pancreatic enzymes are widely used to treat pancreatic insufficiency. A common product is Creon.

Pancreatin is used for pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy - it contains varying amounts of protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elasase), lipase and amylase, which help with the digestion of protein, fat and starch respectively.

In the above study it was important that there was NO correlation between lower Chymotrypsin and more severe autism.

I suspect that the best treatment is to treat “Fragile Gut” and then perhaps chymotrypsin will go back to normal all by itself.

Conclusion

There is no single therapy for autism applicable to all.  There can never be, because many hundreds, if not thousands, of dysfunctions can lead to an autism diagnosis.  You need to treat the dysfunction, not the vague observational diagnosis. 

You do not need to treat someone else's dysfunction, perhaps in vogue on Facebook, or the holistic therapist's pet dysfunction, you need to treat your specific person's actual dysfunction.

It is clear that some people, from all parts of the autism spectrum, can/do benefit from dietary intervention, but you have to match the dietary intervention to the underlying dysfunction (autism is not the dysfunction).

Buying organic chicken nuggets is unlikely to help anyone’s autism.  Stopping eating fried food might indeed do some marginal good, in some cases.

My son loves fish soups and meat-based soups, made the old-fashioned way, making a stock by boiling up the bones.  It makes very tasty soup, but it did not make autism go away. Some people apparently buy bone broth to "heal the gut".  If you regularly eat non-farmed oily fish there is no need for expensive fish oil supplements.  

Identifying any genuine food allergies, food intolerance and unusual chemical allergies/intolerances, like histamine, should reduce the occurrence of autism flare-ups/exacerbations.  Not all commercial food allergy testing is reliable, even though it might be expensive, it is just a business.  It is another case of buyer beware, like all exotic tests.

You will find anecdotes of wonderful improvement using dietary intervention, but you will struggle to find peer-reviewed clinical trials showing similar results. This just shows that only a sub-group, at most, are responders.

Only a dietary therapy that matches a genuine underlying dysfunction can be beneficial.  The same is equally true for all drug interventions for autism.

If your only therapies are dietary, you have really only scratched the surface of ways to potentially treat autism.  If you live in a country with no science-based autism MDs, you will have to do plenty of homework yourself.

For most people the best source of gut bacteria is likely a varied diet and this should be accompanied by a diet rich in fiber.

The many people with autism who have a very restricted diet and GI issues would seem the most likely to benefit from dietary interventions; but that might be stating the obvious.  Can people with severe autism, but a varied diet and no GI problems benefit from dietary intervention?  This is certainly possible and so should be considered, but looks less likely.

Commercially available probiotics range from quite potent ones that do have immunomodulatory effects, to mild ones to treat stomach upsets, to others that do very little.  Some people respond negatively to specific probiotics that might be beneficial to another person. 

Modifying the microbiome is the target of many new medical products in development.  These products are not related to GI problems, they are using the microbiome to produce chemicals in the gut that then get absorbed and act just like a drug does. A slow sustained release of such chemicals inside the gut can be more beneficial that taking a drug by mouth, or nose or vein.  Oxytocin produced in the gut is a good example.

I think dietary autism therapies require even more trial and error than pharmaceutical autism therapies.  The bigger the effort and cost, the bigger the potential placebo effect becomes.  

On the plus side, dietary therapy is easy to access, which is why it is so popular.

This post was not overly complicated, but it was long.