A Visit to Secondary School and Piano Recitals

Today’s post is science free, since for some of the original readers this blog it has become heavy going at times.

Monty, now aged 13 with autism, is about to move up to mainstream secondary/high school.  While this might sound quite a normal transition I really doubt his kindergarten teacher ever thought he would make it that far, in a meaningful way. Even I thought that finishing mainstream primary/junior school would be quite a challenge.

One reader of this blog is Monty’s kindergarten teacher who has known him from before his diagnosis, a decade ago. Outside of the North America people tend not to want to diagnose autism in three year olds and parents do not want to hear reports from kindergarten that things may not be so good. Even being non-verbal may not ring alarm bells with pediatricians; where we live it is put down as “dysphasia”.

In spite of the tell-tale signs, the differences at the age of three between classic autism and typical are not so big.  We do not have great expectations of three year olds, even though some are already very talented.

Monty’s kindergarten teacher requested he have a 1:1 assistant before he was diagnosed with autism at the age of three and a half; he has had one ever since.

Having started kindergarten quite young it was no big deal to spend an extra year there before moving to primary/junior school. 

For the next four years Monty went to mainstream school in the morning and had 1:1 tuition at home in the afternoon. Very slowly some academic skills were acquired, but mainly as the result of the home program. Not surprisingly, a gulf had opened up between Monty’s skills and that of his peer group. 

As is often the case with little boys with autism, he did get “adopted” by nicer little girls in primary. So you would see him walking hand in hand around the school playground.

At this point, aged 8, Monty had a big regression involving both self-injury and aggression to others.  This lasted about 9 months and was associated with a loss of some of the recently acquired skills.

We never had an assessment using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), which is a pity because at least it tells you, at one point in time, where you stand. At the age of 9, Monty had mastered the skills in the very detailed ABLLS assessment, which is an excellent list of all the very basic skills you need; these are skills big brother had at 3 years old.

Shortly thereafter I started my autism science research and instigated a trial of bumetanide.  The rate of skill acquisition then accelerated and the severity of autism faded.

Even though the violent behavior had subsided, at the end of that school year I decided to move him down one school year.  In effect his peer group changed to one which was 2-3 years younger than him.  In subsequent years he moved forward with this new peer group, so he has been in the same peer group for 5 years.

Each year I said to the class teacher that if at the end of the school year Monty had not mastered the year we could repeat it, because there is no point deluding yourself and moving to a higher level when you are clueless about the previous level.  So as long as there are 10+% of the class with lower grades in each subject, I think it is fine to move ahead.  It does surprise me how badly some neurotypical kids do at school, because they should all be ahead of Monty, but some are not. From time to time, Monty is actually closer to the top of the class, which is remarkable.

Since big brother has only one more year to finish secondary/high school, he was rather expecting little brother to wait another year in primary/junior school.

As his classmates started talking about the move to secondary school, Monty naturally assumed he would be moving too.  Having been told by Monty “in September we go to secondary school” so many times, this is of course what is happening.

Recently Monty and his class had a half day visit to their new school and everybody had a great time.

Plenty of the younger kids in secondary already know Monty and as do some of the big ones who are friends of Monty’s big brother.

So big brother realized it was not going to be embarrassing after all.

Siblings going to the same school often have issues, in part because teachers feel the need to compare them to see who is better/cleverer. The fair comparison is the progress you make from where you started, as I keep telling big brother's maths teacher; so not to accept that you have A, B and C grade students and be happy they get their predicted grade, but to try and improve them.

The secondary school is small, but has had some boys with Asperger’s in the past. In theory it should be much easier for them to fit into school, but often it is not. Most of the issues that I get to hear about were entirely preventable.  Having an assistant who the other kids like and respect solves most of these issues.

How far Monty goes through the standard secondary program remains to be seen. He cannot do the high level things that his big brother can do but, as I have learned, neither can 20% of the class and nobody diagnoses them with MR/ID.

Music Recitals

One area where people with Asperger’s can excel is music. There is research to show that people with autism/Asperger’s are far more likely to have perfect pitch than other people. Another big difference is that the Asperger’s child may be happy to practice at home three hours a day.

We recently had a visit from a girl with Asperger’s and she played the piano amazingly, but as Monty’s big brother pointed out, so would he if he practiced 20 hours a week.  It appears to be a case of social life or music practice.

Monty does not play his piano 20 hours a week, for him it is more like 3 hours a week.

Monty recently had two concerts, one at school with typical peers and an autism/Asperger’s concert.

Who plays the best? Well in this unscientific sample, it is clear that the Asperger’s kids play the best, followed by the typical kids and then the autism kids.

Where does Monty fit in? Well he started out as an autism kid, but after nearly five years of pharmacotherapy he is well up there with the more talented typical kids, but not yet up there with the star Asperger’s kids who practice 3 hours a day.

Monty's piano teacher, who has seen him twice a week for five years and only teaches kids with special needs has pretty much the same opinion. Monty is not her best pupil, but he is the only one to progress so far, from where he started. He started his piano before he started his PolyPill. Her comment a while back was, whatever it is he is taking, keep giving it to him.  



P.S.

Monty goes to an International school using the English curriculum, where high school starts at the age of 11; he will start aged 14.  Most of the spelling I use is American English, except for some words that look really odd, since this blog's audience is 70% American and spelling was never my strong point.

Most people diagnosed today with autism have mild autism, often without a speech delay or cognitive loss and should be able to complete the standard school curriculum. People with more severe autism do not normally progress far with academic learning and many "graduate" aged 18 with the skills of a 7 to 8 year old. This does not have to be the case, as some readers of this blog have also discovered.

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) - Amino Acids, VMAT2, Diamox, B6 etc

Today’s post is about Tardive Dyskinesia which is a side effect eventually experienced by about 30% of people taking antipsychotic drugs, like risperidone, widely prescribed in both autism and schizophrenia.

Enough money for your lifetime supply of a VMAT2 inhibitor?

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive body movements, which might think of as tics or grimaces.

It appears that the longer the drug is taken the greater the chance of developing Tardive Dyskinesia.

Predicting the long-term risk of tardive dyskinesia in outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medications.

Tics are quite common in autism and not just in those taking psychiatric drugs.

Tourette’s syndrome is a well-known tic disorder that does overlap with autism, it used to be considered rare, but now 1% of children are thought to be affected.  Some common Tourette’s tics are eye blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements.

People diagnosed with Tourette’s might also be diagnosed with ADHD, OCD or indeed autism.  

We saw in some Italian research that young children with Tourette’s type autism have a fair chance of seeing their symptoms of autism substantially fade away. It was called Dysmaturational Syndrome.

Inflammatory Response to GAS (Group A Strep) and Dysmaturational Syndrome (Tourette’s Syndrome with Autism “Recovery” by 6 Years Old)

The part of the brain that is thought to be affected in  Tardive Dyskinesia is that same part suspected in Tourette’s and indeed PANDAS/PANS; it is the basal ganglia.  

Avoiding Tardive Dyskinesia

The best way to avoid Tardive Dyskinesia is not to use antipsychotic/ neuroleptic drugs.

It appears that high doses of melatonin and other antioxidants may give a protective effect from developing Tardive Dyskinesia. 

Treating Tardive Dyskinesia

Much is written about treating Tardive Dyskinesia (TD), because nobody yet has found a cure for it, nonetheless there is a long list of partially effective therapies.

Given that the underlying basis of TD may very likely to overlap to some extent with Tourette’s and PANDAS/PANS it is over broader interest.  

A Review of off-label Treatments  for Tardive Dyskinesia 

The Spanish study below gives a good overview of most therapies, but exclude the very recent therapies based on VMAT2. 

Treatment of tardive dyskinesia: A systematic review (1997-2011)

  

All of the studies in the review were small, but you can see that some therapies did seem to help, including:-

·        Vitamin E

·        Vitamin B6

·        Acetazolamide/Diamox

·        Amino Acids

·        Piracetam

I proposed Acetazolamide/Diamox to potentially treat some autism a while back and some readers of this blog do find it effective.

Piracetam is the world’s first cognitive enhancing (nootropic) drug.  It was discovered by mistake when trying to make a cure for motion sickness.

Amino acids may look an odd choice, but in males, and only males, branched chain  amino acids (BCAAs) valine, isoleucine, and leucine in a 3:3:4 ratio appears to be beneficial.  Another amino acid called Phenylalanine is associated with tardive dyskinesia in men but not in women. It is an established fact that an increase in BCAAs will cause a reduction in phenylalanine in the brain, among a range of other effects.

Phenylalanine is a precursor for dopamine (as well as  tyrosine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). 

One theory is that tardive dyskinesia results primarily from neuroleptic-induced dopamine supersensitivity. So if the BCAAs reduce the amount of dopamine produced, this might explain their effect.

VMAT2

VMAT2 transports monoamines - particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine - from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles. Inhibiting VMAT2 will reduce the release of dopamine. 

In some circumstances VMAT2 is necessary for the release of the neurotransmitter GABA. 

Drugs that inhibit VMAT2 appear to help treat Tardive Dyskinesia and one drug Valbenazine/Ingrezza was FDA approved for this purpose in April 2017. Not surprisingly, it is now being investigated to treat Tourette’s syndrome. 

Valbenazine is known to cause a reversible reduction of dopamine release by selectively inhibiting VMAT2. 

Conclusion

Since our regular reader Valentina is dealing with Tardive Dyskinesia, she will probably be very interested in Valbenazine.

The problem is the price. The drug will apparently cost $60,000 a year in the US.

So for the time being it is best to work through the list of very cheap interventions that do seem to be partially effective, at least in some people.

Pan-agonists of PPARs and PGC-1α in Mitochondrial Disease, Autism and Sport

Today’s post should be of interest to those concerned about mitochondrial disease and mTOR.

mTOR is a very important signaling cascade that often dysfunctional in autism. Many aspects of autism and its comorbidities can be traced back to mTOR.

The going is easier with a PPAR pan-agonist 

mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including insulin, growth, and amino acids.   mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain.  It is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, certain cancers and indeed autism.

One important process affected by mTOR is the creation of new mitochondria in your cells.  Each cell has many mitochondria, but in some people there are not enough and/or they may not work properly.  

Mitochondrial Disease and Autism

In the above post we saw that Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy.  This takes place inside mitochondria.

The five enzymes required have simplified names: complex I, complex II, complex III, complex IV, and complex V.

The most common problem in autism is a lack of complex 1, this leads to a lack in the production of energy (ATP) in cells.  In your muscles this will appear as a lack of exercise endurance and in your brain as a lack of cognitive function.

On that rather intimidating chart (below), all about mTOR, tucked away at the bottom right is PGC-1α.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.

PGC-1α may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.

PGC-1α is thought to be a master integrator of external signals. It is known to be activated by a many factors, including:-

·         Exercise  (gradual endurance training)

·         PPARδ , PPARγ and it was thought PPARα

·         AMPK (Metformin, or AICAR)

·         Sirt-1 (resveratrol and other polyphenolic ‎compounds)

Interestingly, massage therapy appears to increase the amount of PGC-1α which leads to the production of new mitochondria. Many autism parents believe in various massage therapies. 

Metformin is a very old drug to treat diabetes, it does activate AMPK but unfortunately it also inhibits the Complex 1 mitochondrial enzyme. This might explain why one reader of this blog found it had a negative effect in her son.  In some types of cancer metformin can be used to “starve” the cancer cells of energy and stop them proliferating.

Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis

AICAR was thought to have been used by cyclists in the 2009 Tour de France, it is a heart drug from the 1980s. It activates AMPK and increases nitric oxide production from endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Here is the lower right part enlarged:-

  

The above chart, while complex does not give the complete picture regarding PPAR.

It appears that the type of PPAR that is needed to activate PGC-1α  is actually PPARδ  (PPAR delta). For a long time researchers thought it was PPAR α (PPAR alpha).

PPAR delta, but not PPAR alpha,activates PGC-l alpha gene transcription in muscle

PGC-1 alpha induces mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle and its activity has been related to insulin sensitization. Here, we report that fibrates induce PGC-1 alpha gene expression in muscle both in vivo and in vitro. However, only activation via PPAR delta but not PPAR alpha underlies this effect. PPAR delta induces PGC-1 alpha gene transcription through a PPAR-response element in the PGC-1 alpha promoter. Moreover, PGC-1 alpha coactivates the PPAR delta-responsiveness of its own gene. A further positive autoregulatory loop of control relies on the induction of PPAR6 expression by PGC-1 alpha. These data point to a distinct value of PPARdelta rather than PPAR alpha agonists in the improvement of oxidative metabolism in muscle.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)

There was a post in this blog a long time ago about all the PPARs. There are three types (alpha, delta and gamma) just to confuse us, sometimes delta is called beta.

• α (alpha) - expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others
• β/δ (beta/delta) - expressed in many tissues but markedly in brain, adipose tissue, and skin
• γ (gamma) - although transcribed by the same gene, this PPAR through is expressed in three forms:
• γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen
• γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue
• γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue.

It does seem that activating alpha, gamma and delta has potential benefit.

The PPAR alpha agonist PEA is available as a supplement and as food for medical purposes In Italy and Spain.  It has been proposed for various inflammatory and pain syndromes. A large trial at a Skoda car factory in 1972 showed that PEA was protective against flu and the common cold.

Palmitoylethanolamide:A Natural Body-Own Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Effective and Safe against Influenza and Common Cold 

Fibrate drugs are PPAR alpha agonist drugs used to lower cholesterol. A key point here is that these drugs also activate other types of PPAR as well.

PPAR gamma agonists are widely used to treat diabetes.  They improve insulin sensitivity and decrease some inflammatory responses. They lower cholesterol.

PPAR delta has various antidiabetic effects and agonism of PPAR delta changes the body's fuel preference from glucose to lipids. Recently it was shown that PPAR delta can be activated to promote biogenesis of mitochondria.

It does appear likely that there is some interaction between the PPARs.

Using the mild PPAR gamma agonist, Sytrinol, which gives a long term cholesterol lowering effect, gives a short term cognitive and behavioral improvement in autism.

Pioglitazone is used to lower glucose levels in type 2 diabetes and is a PPAR gamma agonist.  It has been shown to have a positive effect in autism and more trials are in progress. It also binds to a lesser extent to PPAR alpha.

Our reader Maja is investigating whether Sytrinol will maintain its initial good effect when combined with a mild PPAR alpha agonist, like PEA. 

Pan-agonists of PPAR

Bezafibrate appears to be the best known “pan-agonist” of PPAR alpha, gamma and delta.

The PPARpan-agonist bezafibrate ameliorates cardiomyopathy in a mouse model of Barth syndrome 

   
Bezafibrate as treatment option in patients with mitochondrial complex I (CI) deficiency

These results support bezafibrate as a promising treatment option for specific subgroups of patients with CI deficiency.

Less well known is the natural substance Berberine. 

Berberine Is a Potent Agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha

Berberine activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability in Apoe-/- mice with hyperhomocysteinemia. 

Effect of berberine on PPAR alpha/delta/gamma expression in type 2 diabetic rat retinae.

The multifaceted drug Telmisartan, from a recent post, is also a pan-agonist of PPARs. It is usually quoted as being a PPAR delta agonist. 

Telmisartan increases lipoprotein lipase expression via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in HepG2 cells.

Telmisartan is a promising cardiometabolic sartan due to its unique PPAR-gamma-inducing property

Angiotensin II receptor blockertelmisartan enhances running endurance of skeletal muscle through activation of the PPAR-δ/AMPK pathway.

AICAR

The drug AICAR is thought of as an AMPK activator rather than a PPAR agonist, but it does affect all three types of PPAR.

AICAR Protects against High Palmitate/High Insulin-Induced Intramyocellular Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Resistance in HL-1 Cardiac Cells by Inducing PPAR-Target Gene Expression

Treatment with AICAR induced gene expression of all three PPARs, but only the Ppara and Pparg regulation were dependent on AMPK.

Conclusion

It looks like some athletes, seeking an advantage, are already using the above strategies to improve their exercise endurance; having more mitochondria is of course a competitive advantage.  A list of all the substances banned in sport might be another good source of therapies not only for autism, but also dementia.

Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s there are some investigations ongoing. There is even a trial to perk up the mitochondria in people with Bipolar using Bezafibrate.

It is odd that Sytrinol has only a short term positive effect in most people with autism, although our reader RG’s daughter has a long term benefit. I suspect some people may need a pan-agonist, there may be some interaction/crosstalk/ feedback that we are not aware of.

It would be nice to have some data on the relative potency of Bezafibrate,  Telmisartan and Berberine across alpha, delta and gamma receptors, otherwise we are left with trial and error.

The advantage of Berberine is that it is an OTC supplement.

AICAR is also interesting.

Angiotensin II in the Brain & Therapeutic Considerations

In a previous post I suggested that another cheap generic drug (an ACE inhibitor) could potentially be repurposed to treat schizophrenia and some autism. The original idea was related more to modifying the immune/inflammatory response in the body, rather than the brain.  There is however plenty of research regarding Angiotensin within the brain and the numerous roles it plays.

Juggling - maximizing effects, while minimizing
drug interventions

You may recall in the earlier post that in both schizophrenia and autism there is elevated angiotensin II.

In the brain there are two types of angiotensin receptor, AT1 and AT2.  Their actions are opposing each other.

In many kinds of disease we would want to stimulate AT2, but inhibit AT1.

AT2 is thought to be important for cognitive function and is now a target for Alzheimer’s research.

Using an ACE inhibitor you reduce the amount of angiotensin II and so in effect inhibit both AT1 and AT2.

In theory angiotensin II should not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), so we should be dealing with centrally produced (i.e. inside the brain) angiotensin II.  In practical terms it seems that people with high levels of angiotensin II may have a permeable BBB.

This is relevant because most ACE inhibitors do not cross the BBB, but the original ACE inhibitor called Captopril does cross the BBB.  So if a centrally acting ACE inhibitor were found to be required, it was discovered 40 years ago.

A therapy would ideally be targeted selectively at AT1 or AT2 receptors.  An AT1 blocker might treat for stress-induced disorders.  An experimental AT2 receptor agonist, called compound 21, is now available and is expected to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

Compound 21, a selective agonist of angiotensin AT2 receptors, prevents endothelial inflammation and leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo.

Angiotensin II receptor AT1 antagonists are widely used drugs indicated for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure. They block effect of Angiotensin on AT1 and might be good in the brain.

We would like to increase the effect on AT2, we could do that with more Angiotensin II, but then we would make things worse with AT1.

                          Do nothing  ACE inhibitor    AT1 antagonist      AT2 agonist

Effect on AT1               none                            good                                     good                          none

Effect on AT2               none                            bad                                       none                          good

AT1 antagonists are widely available and seen as well tolerated.

AT1 antagonists appear to protect against Alzheimer’s.

The only AT2 agonist is an experimental drug called Compound 21.

The only ACE inhibitor that should affect AT2 in the brain is Captopril and so may be an unwise choice. It will reduce Angiotensin II in the brain and in the rest of the body.


Why were we interested in Angiotensin?

Targeting Angiotensin in Schizophrenia and Some Autism

In the original Angiotensin post in this blog we saw that in schizophrenia and some autism, that Angiotensin II is elevated.  We also saw that:-

·        Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) induces those potent regulatory T cells that are lacking in autism and modulates Th1 and Th17 mediated autoimmunity.  See my last post on Th1, Th2 and Th17. 

·        In addition, Angiotensin II affects the function of the NKCC1/2 chloride cotransporters that are dysfunctional in much autism and at least some schizophrenia.

·        It should also reduce any troubling high levels of leptin, which we saw in another post is an issue in most autism

So the idea was that many broadly anti-inflammatory effects of reducing Angiotensin II might be helpful in autism.

But what about inside the brain?

Angiotensin in the Brain

Here we do get to the science, but I will start with the conclusion. We actually want more effect from the Angiotensin AT2 receptor, which should give numerous benefits, but have no means of achieving this. What we can do is make sure we do not reduce AT2 activity, this means better to use and AT1 antagonist, rather than an ACE inhibitor.

The science supporting the use of an AT agonist follows:-

In the text you will see ARB and compound 21. Both are doing good things. The suggestion is that by doing all these good things there should be improved cognitive function; this has yet to be proved in human tests.

ARB = Angiotensin Receptor AT1 Blocker

Compound 21 = Angiotensin Receptor AT2 agonist

Roles of Brain Angiotensin II in Cognitive Function and Dementia

The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been highlighted as having a pathological role in stroke, dementia, and neurodegenerative disease. Particularly, in dementia, epidemiological studies indicate a preventive effect of RAS blockade on cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). Moreover, basic experiments suggest a role of brain angiotensin II in neural injury, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function and that RAS blockade attenuates cognitive impairment in rodent dementia models of AD. Therefore, RAS regulation is expected to have therapeutic potential for AD. Here, we discuss the role of angiotensin II in cognitive impairment and AD. Angiotensin II binds to the type 2 receptor (AT₂) and works mainly by binding with the type 1 receptor (AT₁). AT₂ receptor signaling plays a role in protection against multiple-organ damage. A direct AT₂ receptor agonist is now available and is expected to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and enhance cell differentiation. We and other groups reported that AT₂ receptor activation enhances neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in the brain. Here, we also review the effect of the AT₂ receptor on cognitive function. RAS modulation may be a new therapeutic option for dementia including AD in the future.

Figure 1: Possible effect of angiotensin II on neurovascular unit. AT₂: angiotensin II type 2 receptor, AchR: acetylcholine receptor, BBB: blood brain barrier, and TGF-β: transforming growth factor β.

Figure 2: Effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling on cognitive function. AT₂: angiotensin II type 2 receptor, ATIP: AT₂ receptor-interacting protein, Id1: inhibitor of DNA binding protein 1, MMS2: methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive 2, NO: nitric oxide, SHP-1: Src homology 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1, and Ubc-13: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 13.

Figure 3: Effect of angiotensin II on cognitive function. ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, AT₁: angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT₂: angiotensin II type 2 receptor, and ARB: angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker.

Continuous stimulation with angiotensin II may damage neurons via multiple cascades through AT₁ receptor stimulation. On the other hand, stimulation of the AT₂ receptor is expected to prevent neural damage and cognitive impairment (Figure 3). However, it is difficult to perform clinical intervention studies to confirm the results of animal studies because of the long-term progression of cognitive impairment. Moreover, in clinical practice, it is not possible to exclude the antihypertensive effect of RAS blockade on cognition in patients with hypertension. However, RAS modulation may be a new therapeutic option for dementia including AD in the future. Therefore, the hypothesis that RAS regulation affects future cognitive function should be confirmed with carefully designed clinical studies.

Which ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) for Autism?

Very many biological markers are disturbed in autism and many of them seem to be best ignored, you cannot “correct” them all.

However, there will be an underlying reason behind each one of them being disturbed.

As we saw in the recent post on metabolic syndrome, it is not uncommon to find a cascade of downstream problems that might seem to indicate a huge list of drugs.  A different approach is required, it is necessary to treat the underlying (upstream) problems and have a much shorter list of therapies.

We saw in the post on leptin that the elevated levels in autism are treatable, but is there any point?

We have a long list of other things that might be useful in autism and it would be nice to have a single therapy that might address many of them.

It appears that selecting the optimal ARB might give the opportunity to address numerous issues at once.

Telmisartan seems to have numerous potentially useful additional effects:

·        Acts as a PPAR gamma agonist, like the glitazone drugs shown effective in autism trials

·        Acts as a PPAR delta agonist, which should activate the impaired PPARδ  PGC-1α signaling pathway, and enhance mitochondrial biogenesis. This should help people with mitochondrial disease and should be evident by increased exercise endurance and, in theory, improved cognitive function.

·        Telmisartan regulates the Bcl-2 cancer gene, implicated in autism

BDNF-Akt-Bcl2 antiapoptotic signaling pathway is compromised in the brain of autistic subjects

While the effect in autism is complex, Telmisartan is already seen as a potent target for prevention and treatment in human prostate cancer

·        Telmisartan and other ARBs appear to give protection from Alzheimer’s Disease (suggested to be via its effect on PPAR gamma). Perhaps useful for young adults with Down Syndrome, where early onset Alzheimer’s is expected?

·       Telmisartan and other ARBs have a tendency to increase the level of potassium in blood. Up to 10% of people would experience mild hyperkalemia.  For people with autism taking bumetanide, this effect on potassium might actually be helpful. They would need to reduce their potassium supplementation, or might need none at all.

Telmisartan in clinical trials related to autism

As is repeatedly the case, schizophrenia research is again more advanced than autism research. A quick check showed this:-

Telmisartan Completed Phase 4 Trials for Schizoaffective Disorders / Schizophrenia Treatment

This is a 12-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of telmisartan 80 mg/day as an adjunctive to clozapine or olanzapine therapy, in 70 schizophrenia subjects to examine telmisartan's effect on glucose metabolism, weight, food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body composition. In addition, the study will examine insulin's effects on psychopathology and cognition.

Conclusion

We currently have no possibility of something like Compound 21, but Telmisartan looks very interesting and it would nice if those psychiatrists who have trialed it in schizophrenia would do the same in autism.  

It looks like the beneficial effects should come at a lower dose than that used to lower blood pressure. In the schizophrenia trial I think they used a higher dose (80mg) than necessary, I suppose they wanted to maximize their chance of success.  In order to minimize any possible negative effects, I would suggest the psychiatrists trial 20mg in youth with autism.

There will be a post on PPAR delta and mitochondrial disease, because there are at least two other ways to target mitochondrial disease in this way, if you do not like Telmisartan.  There is the cheap drug Bezafibrate and the supplement berberine.

Metabolic Syndrome & Autism

Today’s post is not just about autism.

Having written 370 posts in this autism blog, I sometimes feel that I am becoming a bit of an expert on diabetes (and COPD), which you might think has nothing to do with autism.

I was talking to a friend of mine who has type 2 diabetes; he was telling me about all the other things that are going wrong with him, because he actually has “metabolic syndrome”.

What exactly is metabolic syndrome?  It really is not a very good name. Sure you can have a metabolic system, but there are going to be many different ones.  It looks like in the world of medicine there is just one.

The common problem is that in late middle age many people get overweight around their waist, they also have increased blood pressure, high blood sugar and abnormal cholesterol, or triglyceride levels. This combination of symptoms is called metabolic syndrome and it increases your risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and much more. (see chart above, even high uric acid/gout is there)

The clever way to treat metabolic syndrome would be to treat the underlying molecular biology, rather than each symptom one by one.  This is not as hard as it may sound, just from reading about the biology of autism, I was telling my friend lots of things he could suggest to his doctor.

If you are going to take a drug to lower blood pressure, why not take the one that also protects your beta cells, the ones that produce insulin, from dying? If you are going to take an ACE inhibitor, why not take the one that will also improve your insulin sensitivity. Instead of taking a glitazone drug that is effective at lowering blood glucose, but has not been shown to reduce the long-term complications of diabetes (such as heart disease and stroke), why not take a single drug that does all three?

Metabolic Syndrome & Autism

It is not surprising to me that research shows that parents who develop metabolic syndrome have an increased likelihood of already having children with autism.

Nor is it a surprise that people with autism, or schizophrenia, have themselves a tendency to various kinds of metabolic syndrome; in fact I would suggest that autism is a metabolic syndrome, just not always the same kind.

It is not a surprise that the drugs produced to treat the classic metabolic syndrome seem to provide such a good hunting ground for autism drugs.

We know that glitazone drugs, being PPAR gamma agonists, should help some kinds of autism and also that PPAR delta agonists may help some with mitochondrial disease. The issue I have with glitazone drugs is their safety in long term use.  Another glitazone autism trial is underway in Canada. Glitazone drugs are used to improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetics.

Bezafibrate is getting a well-deserved trial for mitochondrial disease. Through its action on PPAR, where it is a “pan-agonist”, it is thought that Bezafibrate should trigger biogenesis of mitochondria. Bezafibrate is an old drug to lower cholesterol.

One very interesting candidate drug for autism is Telmisartan which will be covered in a coming post on Angiotensin II in the brain.  Telmisartan is an Angiotensin AT1 agonist, which means it will lower blood pressure, but it does numerous other things. It happens also to be a PPAR gamma/delta agonist.  It improves insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels.  It also modifies the immune system by reducing Il-17a, an important inflammatory cytokine found elevated in both autism and schizophrenia. It also reduces leptin release and prevents leptin resistance. Leptin levels are high in autism and leptin resistance is feature of obesity.

One of the drugs often prescribed to people with metabolic syndrome is Atorvastatin, which some readers of this blog have found improves the application of cognitive ability in their case of autism.

If I had metabolic syndrome, after losing weight, I would choose Atorvastatin, Verapamil and Telmisartan as my top three drugs; none of which are prescribed to that friend of mine. I would also add a glass of beetroot juice which is vasodilating; it is not a drug, but should do plenty of good. I would use an antioxidant like ALA (alpha-lipoic acid) and use sulforaphane to activate the body’s antioxidant genes via Nrf2; many side effects of metabolic syndrome are caused/aggravated by oxidative stress.